Method and Apparatus for Optical Sensing

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides novel apparatus and methods for fast quantitative measurement of perturbation of optical fields transmitted, reflected and/or scattered along a length of an optical fibre. The present invention can be used for point sensors as well as distributed sensors or the combination of both. In particular this technique can be applied to distributed sensors while extending dramatically the speed and sensitivity to allow the detection of acoustic perturbations anywhere along a length of an optical fibre while achieving fine spatial resolution. The present invention offers unique advantages in a broad range of acoustic sensing and imaging applications. Typical uses are for monitoring oil and gas wells such as for distributed flow metering and/or imaging, seismic imaging, monitoring long cables and pipelines, imaging within large vessel as well as for security applications.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to optical sensors and, in particular,distributed optical fibre sensors and applications thereof.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

The benefits of optical fibres have been demonstrated in a number ofsensing applications. The two major areas are: (i) distributed opticalfibre sensors, and (ii) multiplexed point sensor arrays.

Distributed sensors utilise the intensity of backscatter light, withRaman and/or Brillouin peaks in the light signal utilised to measuretemperature, strain or pressure. Distributed sensors offer a number ofadvantages including continuous sensing along the entire length offibre, and flexibility and simplicity of the sensor, which may bestandard telecoms optical fibre. For example, a distributed sensor mayprovide 10,000 measurement points along 10 km of optical fibre with a 1m spatial resolution. Distributed sensor systems therefore offer lowinstallation and ownership costs.

However, due to their slow response, distributed sensors are usuallyonly used in applications where measurements taking in order of severalseconds to hours are acceptable. The most common sensors of this typeare the distributed temperature sensors (DTS), which are made by anumber of companies. A typical performance of a DTS is 1 m spatialresolution and 1° C. temperature resolution in 60 seconds over a 10 kmrange.

Distributed sensors have also been used to measure strain by utilisingBrillouin shifts in reflected or backscattered light, as described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,555,807 [1] or WO 98/27406 [2]. The frequency of theBrillouin shift is about 1 MHz/10 μϵ and its linewidth is about 30 MHz.The strain in an order of 10 μϵ can be determined along an optical fibreusing the narrow frequency scanning methods described. However, usingthese approaches, the scanning rate is much slower than the pulserepetition rate and measurement times are typically in the order of fewseconds to few minutes.

More recently, a technique for faster measurement of Brillouin frequencyshift has been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,355,163 [3]. This techniqueuses a frequency to amplitude convertor which may be in a form of anoptical fibre Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a 3×3 coupler at itsoutput. However, the strain resolution is limited by the linewidth ofthe Brillouin light and therefore the optical path length difference inthe interferometer should be kept within the coherence length of theBrillouin light. Also, the polarisation fading between the two paths ofthe interferometer, the offset and gain variations of the photodetectorreceivers would significantly limit the strain measurement. Measurementtimes of around 0.1 seconds (10 Hz) with strain resolution of 50 μϵ havebeen recently reported using this technique.

For many applications, such as acoustic sensing, much highersensitivities and faster a measurement time in the order of 1millisecond (1 kHz), 0.1 millisecond (10 kHz) or 0.01 millisecond (100kHz) is required.

Multiplexed point sensors offer fast measurements with high sensitivityand are used, for example, in hydrophone arrays. The main applicationfor these in the energy market is for towed and seafloor seismic arrays.However, unlike with distributed sensors, multiplexed point sensorscannot be used where full coverage is required. The size and theposition of the sensing elements are fixed and the number of sensorsmultiplexed on a single fibre is typically limited to 50 to 100elements. Furthermore, the sensor design relies on additional opticalfibre components leading to bulky and expensive array architectures.There is also considerable effort to increase the number of sensors thatcan be efficiently multiplexed on a single length of fibre.

Optical-time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) is a well known technique thathas been used to test optical fibre communications cables. In order toreduce the effect of coherent backscatter interference, which issometime is referred to as Coherent Rayleigh Noise, a broadband lightsource is normally used. However, proposals have also been made in U.S.Pat. No. 5,194,847 [4] to use coherent OTDR for sensing intrusion bydetecting the fast changes in a coherent backscatter Rayleigh signal. Inaddition, Shatalin et al. [5] describes using coherent Rayleigh as adistributed optical fibre alarm sensor.

WO 2008/056143 [6] describes a disturbance sensor similar to that ofU.S. Pat. No. 5,194,847 [4] using a semiconductor distributed feedbacklaser source. A fibre Bragg grating filter of preferably 7.5 GHz is usedto reject out-of-band chirped light and, thereby, improve the coherenceof the laser pulse sent into the fibre. However, this requires matchingof the laser wavelength with the narrow band optical filter, whichresults in the signal visibility variation being reduced compared to asystem which uses a very high coherent source as proposed by U.S. Pat.No. 5,194,847.

Similar techniques have also been proposed for the detection of buriedoptical fibre telecommunication cables (for example in WO 2004/102840[7]), in perimeter security (GB 2445364 [8] and US2009/0114386 [9]) anddownhole vibration monitoring (WO 2009/056855 [10]). However, theresponse of these coherent Rayleigh backscatter systems has been limitedby a number of parameters such as polarisation and signal fadingphenomena; the random variation of the backscatter light; and non-linearcoherent Rayleigh response. Therefore these techniques are mainly usedfor event detection and do not provide quantitative measurements, suchas the measurement of acoustic amplitude, frequency and phase over awide range of frequency and dynamic range.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel apparatus and methods for fastquantitative measurement of perturbation of optical fields transmitted,reflected and or scattered along a length of an optical fibre.

The present invention can be used for distributed sensors, pointsensors, or the combination of both.

In particular this technique can be applied to distributed sensors whileextending dramatically the speed and sensitivity to allow the detectionof acoustic perturbations anywhere along a length of an optical fibrewhile achieving fine spatial resolution. The present invention offersunique advantages in a broad range of acoustic sensing and imagingapplications. Typical uses are for monitoring oil and gas wells, forapplications such as for distributed flow metering and/or imaging;seismic imaging, monitoring long cables and pipelines; acoustic imaginginside large vessels as well as security applications.

It is an object of the present invention to provide apparatus for highlysensitive and fast quantitative measurement of the phase, frequency andamplitude of the light transmitted, reflected or scattered along alength of an optical fibre.

In the prior art, optical couplers have been used in Michelson orMach-Zehnder interferometer configurations where the polarisationbetween the two arms of the interferometer has to be carefullycontrolled. The novel interferometer in the present invention allows anm×m coupler to be utilised using non-reciprocal devices, such as Faradayrotator mirrors and an optical circulator, to provide compensated lightinterference with a given phase shift that can be measured at all portsof the optical coupler and analysed very quickly, such as at severaltens of kilohertz.

The embodiments of the invention can be used for multiplexed acousticpoint sensors, distributed sensors or a combination of both. In the caseof distributed sensors, light pulses are injected into the fibre and thephase modulation of the backscattered light is measured along the fibreat several tens of kilohertz. The fibre can be standardtelecommunication fibre and/or cable. Using the techniques describedherein, the sensing system can thereby detect the acoustic field alongthe fibre to provide a distributed acoustic sensor whereby the lengthsof the sensing elements can be selected by a combination of adjustingthe modulation of the light pulse, the path length in the interferometeras well as the sensing fibre configuration.

The data collected along the fibre are automatically synchronised andthey may be combined to provide coherent field images.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention and how to put it into practice aredescribed by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawingsin which:

FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 show schematically novel interferometer apparatusaccording to related embodiments of the invention, comprisingcirculators and multiple fibre couplers with different optical pathsthrough the interferometers, Faraday-rotator mirrors and photodetectors;

FIGS. 5 and 6 show schematically how the interferometers can be cascadedaccording to embodiments of the invention in series and/or starconfigurations;

FIG. 7 shows schematically a sensor system that utilises theinterferometer of an embodiment of the invention for fast measurement ofscattered and reflected light from an optical fibre;

FIG. 8 shows schematically a distributed sensor system that utilises theinterferometer of an embodiment of the invention to generate a series ofpulses each of different frequency and thereby allowing a differentportion of the scattered light to interfere with another portion of thescattered light with a slight frequency shift resulting in a heterodynebeat signal;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram representing a data processing methodaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram representing a method of calibrating theinterferometer according to an embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 11 shows schematically a distributed sensor system the spectrum ofthe light that is modulated using a fast optical modulator, thatgenerators multiple frequency side bands with part of spectrum beingselected using an optical filter.

FIG. 12A shows the spectrum of the light modulated and selected usingthe optical filter for the arrangement shown in FIG. 11;

FIG. 12B shows schematically a tinning diagram for a method inaccordance with FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 shows schematically an embodiment in which the fibre can bedeployed as linear sensors, directional sensors or in a multidimensionalarray of sensors;

FIGS. 14 to 16 show schematically alternative arrangements of an opticalfibre for use in embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 17 to 18 schematically show applications of the invention invarious aspects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment, generally depicted at 100, of a novelinterferometer for measuring the optical amplitude, phase and frequencyof an optical signal. The incoming light from a light source (not shown)is preferably amplified in an optical amplifier 101, and transmitted tothe optical filter 102. The filter 102 filters the out of band AmplifiedSpontaneous Emission noise (ASE) of the amplifier 101. The light thenenters into an optical circulator 103 which is connected to a 3×3optical coupler 104. A portion of the light is directed to thephotodetector 112 to monitor the light intensity of the input light. Theother portions of light are directed along first and second opticalpaths 105 and 106, with a path length difference between the two paths.Faraday-rotator mirrors (FRMs) 107 and 108 reflect the light backthrough the first and second paths 105 and 106, respectively. TheFaraday rotator mirrors provide self-polarisation compensation alongoptical paths 105 and 106 such that the two portions of lightefficiently interfere at each of the 3×3 coupler 104 ports. The opticalcoupler 104 introduces relative phase shifts of 0 degrees, +120 degreesand −120 degrees to the interference signal, such that first, second andthird interference signal components are produced, each at a differentrelative phase.

First and second interference signal components are directed by theoptical coupler 104 to photodetectors 113 and 114, which measure theintensity of the respective interference signal components.

The circulator 103 provides an efficient path for the input light andthe returning (third) interference signal component through the sameport of the coupler 104. The interference signal component incident onthe optical circulator 103 is directed towards photodetector 115 tomeasure the intensity of the interference signal component.

The outputs of the photodetectors 113, 114 and 115 are combined tomeasure the relative phase of the incoming light, as described in moredetail below with reference to FIGS. 7 and 9.

Optionally, frequency shifters 110 and 111 and/or optical modulator 109may be used along the paths 105 and 106 for heterodyne signalprocessing. In addition, the frequency shift of 110 and 111 may bealternated from f1, f2 to f2, f1 respectively to reduce anyfrequency-dependent effect between the two portions of the lightpropagating through optical paths 105 and 106.

The above-described embodiment provides a novel apparatus suitable forfast quantitative measurement of perturbation of optical fields, and inparticular can be used for distributed and multiplexed sensors with highsensitivity and fast response times to meet requirements of applicationssuch as acoustic sensing.

FIG. 7 shows an application of the interferometer of FIG. 1 to thedistributed sensing of an optical signal from an optical system 700. Itwill be apparent that although the application is described in thecontext of distributed sensing, it could also be used for point sensing,for example by receiving reflected light from one or more point sensorscoupled to the optical fibre.

In this embodiment 700, light emitted by a laser 701 is modulated by apulse signal 702. An optical amplifier 705 is used to boost the pulsedlaser light, and this is followed by a band-pass filter 706 to filterout the ASE noise of the amplifier. The optical signal is then sent toan optical circulator 707. An additional optical filter 708 may be usedat one port of the circulator 707. The light is sent to sensing fibre712, which is for example a single mode fibre or a multimode fibredeployed in an environment in which acoustic perturbations are desiredto be monitored. A length of the fibre may be isolated and used as areference section 710, for example in a “quiet” location. The referencesection 710 may be formed between reflectors or a combination of beamsplitters and reflectors 709 and 711.

The reflected and the backscattered light generated along the sensingfibre 712 is directed through the circulator 707 and into theinterferometer 713. The detailed operation of the interferometer 713 isdescribed earlier with reference to FIG. 1. In this case, the light isconverted to electrical signals using fast low-noise photodetectors 112,113, 114 and 115. The electrical signals are digitised and then therelative optical phase modulation along the reference fibre 710 and thesensing fibre 712 is computed using a fast processor unit 714 (as willbe described below). The processor unit is time synchronised with thepulse signal 702. The path length difference between path 105 and path106 defines the spatial resolution. The photodetector outputs may bedigitised for multiple samples over a given spatial resolution. Themultiple samples are combined to improve the signal visibility andsensitivity by a weighted averaging algorithm combining thephotodetector outputs.

It may be desirable to change the optical frequency of the lightslightly to improve the sensitivity of the backscattered or reflectedsignals. The optical modulator 703 may be driven by a microwavefrequency of around 10-40 GHz to generate optical carrier modulationsidebands. The optical filter 708 can be used to select the modulationsidebands which are shifted relative to the carrier. By changing themodulation frequency it is possible to rapidly modulate the selectedoptical frequency.

Data Processing

FIG. 9 schematically represents a method 1100 by which the optical phaseangle is determined from the outputs of the photodetectors 113, 114,115. The path length difference between path 105 and path 106 definesthe spatial resolution of the system. The photodetector outputs may bedigitised for multiple samples over a given spatial resolution, i.e. theintensity values are oversampled. The multiple samples are combined toimprove the signal visibility and sensitivity by a weighted averagingalgorithm combining the photo-detector outputs.

The three intensity measurements I₁, I₂, I₃, from the photodetectors113, 114, 115 are combined at step 1102 to calculate the relative phaseand amplitude of the reflected or backscattered light from the sensingfibre. The relative phase is calculated (step 1104) at each samplingpoint, and the method employs oversampling such that more data pointsare available than are needed for the required spatial resolution of thesystem.

Methods for calculating the relative phase and amplitude from threephase shifted components of an interference signal are known from theliterature. For example, Zhiqiang Zhao et al. [12] and U.S. Pat. No.5,946,429 [13] describe techniques for demodulating the outputs of 3×3couplers in continuous wave multiplexing applications. The describedtechniques can be applied to the time series data of the presentembodiment.

For each sampling point, a visibility factor V is calculated at step1106 from the three intensity measurements I₁, I₂, I₃, from thephotodetectors 113, 114, 115, according to equation (1), for each pulse.

V=(I ₁-I ₂)²+(I ₂-I ₃)²+(I ₃-I ₁)²   (1)

At a point of low visibility, the intensity values at respective phaseshifts are similar, and therefore the value of V is low. Characterisingthe sampling point according the V allows a weighted average of thephase angle to be determined (step 1108), weighted towards the samplingpoints with good visibility. This methodology improves the quality ofthe phase angle data 1110.

Optionally, the visibility factor V may also be used to adjust (step1112) the timing of the digital sampling of the light for the maximumsignal sensitivity positions. Such embodiments include a digitiser withdynamically varying clock cycles, (which may be referred to herein as“iclock”). The dynamically varying clock may be used to adjust thetiming of the digitised samples at the photodetector outputs for theposition of maximum signal sensitivity and or shifted away frompositions where light signal fading occurs.

The phase angle data is sensitive to acoustic perturbations experiencedby the sensing fibre. As the acoustic wave passes through the opticalfibre, it causes the glass structure to contract and expand. This variesthe optical path length between the backscattered light reflected fromtwo locations in the fibre (i.e. the light propagating down the twopaths in the interferometer), which is measured in the interferometer asa relative phase change. In this way, the optical phase angle data canbe processed at 1114 to measure the acoustic signal at the point atwhich the light is generated.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, the data processing method1100 is performed utilising a dedicated processor such as a FieldProgrammable Gate Array.

Sensor Calibration

For accurate phase measurement, it is important to measure the offsetsignals and the relative gains of the photo-detectors 113, 114 and 115.These can be measured and corrected for by method 1200, described withreference to FIG. 10.

Each photodetector has electrical offset of the photodetectors, i.e. thevoltage output of the photodetector when no light is incident on thephotodetector (which may be referred to as a “zero-light level” offset.As a first step (at 1202) switching off the incoming light from theoptical fibre and the optical amplifier 101. When switched off, theoptical amplifier 101 acts as an efficient attenuator, allowing nosignificant light to reach the photodetectors. The outputs of thephotodetectors are measured (step 1204) in this condition to determinethe electrical offset, which forms a base level for the calibration.

The relative gains of the photodetectors can be measured, at step 1208,after switching on the optical amplifier 101 while the input light isswitched off (step 1206). The in-band spontaneous emission (i.e. theAmplified Spontaneous Emission which falls within the band of thebandpass filter 102), which behaves as an incoherent light source, canthen be used to determine normalisation and offset corrections (step1210) to calibrate the combination of the coupling efficiency betweenthe interferometer arms and the trans-impedance gains of thephotodetectors 113, 114 and 115. This signal can also be used to measurethe signal offset, which is caused by the in-band spontaneous emission.

Conveniently, the optical amplifier, which is a component of theinterferometer, is used as in incoherent light source without arequirement for an auxiliary source. The incoherence of the source isnecessary to avoid interference effects at the photodetectors, i.e. thecoherence length of the light should be shorter than the optical pathlength of the interferometer. However, for accurate calibration it ispreferable for the frequency band of the source to be close to, orcentred around, the frequency of light from the light source. Thebandpass filter 102 is therefore selected to filter out light withfrequencies outside of the desired bandwidth from the AmplifiedSpontaneous Emission.

When used in a pulsed system, such as may be used in a distributedsensor, the above-described method can be used between optical pulsesfrom the light source, to effectively calibrate the system during use,before each (or selected) pulses from the light source withsubstantively no interruption to the measurement process.

Variations to the above-described embodiments are within the scope ofthe invention, and some alternative embodiments are described below.FIG. 2 shows another embodiment, generally depicted at 200, of a novelinterferometer similar to that shown in FIG. 1 but with an additionalFaraday-rotator mirror 201 instead of photodetector 112. Like componentsare indicated by like reference numerals. In this case the interferencebetween different paths, which may have different path length, can beseparated at the three beat frequencies f₁, f₂ and (f₂-f₁). Thearrangement of this embodiment has the advantage of providing additionalflexibility in operation, for example the different heterodynefrequencies can provide different modes of operation to generatemeasurements at different spatial resolutions.

FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a novel interferometer, generallydepicted at 300, similar to the arrangement of FIG. 1, with likecomponents indicated by like reference numerals. However, thisembodiment uses a 4×4 coupler 314 and an additional optical path 301,frequency shifter 304, phase modulator 303, Faraday-rotator mirror 302and additional photo-detector 308. In this case the interference betweendifferent paths, which may have different path length differences, canbe separated at the three beat frequencies (f₂-f₁), (f₃-f₂) and (f₃-f₁).Alternatively, the Faraday-rotator mirror 302 may be replaced by anisolator or a fibre matched end so that no light is reflected throughpath 301, so only allowing interference between path 105 and 106.

The 4×4 optical coupler of this arrangement generates four interferencesignal components at relative phase shifts of −90 degrees, 0 degrees, 90degrees, 180 degrees.

FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the interferometer. In this case anadditional path is introduced in the interferometer by inserting aFaraday-rotator mirror 402 instead of the photo-detector 112.

In all of the above-described embodiments, optical switches may be usedto change and/or select different combinations of optical path lengthsthrough the interferometer. This facilitates switching between differentspatial resolution measurements (corresponding to the selected pathlength differences in the optical path lengths).

FIGS. 5 and 6 show examples of interferometer systems 500, 600 arrangedfor used in cascaded or star configurations to allow the measuring ofthe relative optical phase for different path length differences. InFIG. 5, three interferometers 501, 502, 503 having different path lengthdifferences (and therefore different spatial resolutions) are combinedin series. In FIG. 6, four interferometers 602, 603, 604 and 605 havingdifferent path length differences (and therefore different spatialresolutions) are combined with interferometers 602, 603, 604 inparallel, and interferometers 603 and 605 in series. In FIG. 6, 601 is a3×3 coupler, used to split the light between the interferometers.Arrangement 600 can also be combined with wavelength divisionmultiplexing components to provide parallel outputs for differentoptical wavelengths.

The embodiments described above relate to apparatus and methods for fastquantitative measurement of acoustic perturbations of optical fieldstransmitted, reflected and or scattered along a length of an opticalfibre. The invention in its various aspects can be applied orimplemented in other ways, for example to monitor an optical signalgenerated by a laser, and/or to monitor the performance of a heterodynesignal generator, and to generate optical pulses for transmission intoan optical signal. An example is described with reference to FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 shows a system, generally depicted at 800, comprising aninterferometer 801 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention,used to generate two optical pulses with one frequency-shifted relativeto the other. The interferometer receives an input pulse from a laser701, via optical circulator 103. A 3×3 optical coupler 104 directs acomponent of the input pulse to a photodetector, and components to thearms of the interferometer. One of the arms includes a frequency shifter110 and an RF signal 805. The interference between the two pulses ismonitored by a demodulator 802. The light reflected by Faraday-rotatormirrors 107 and 108 is combined at the coupler 809 using a delay 803 tomatch the path length of the interferometer, so that the frequencyshifted pulse and the input pulse are superimposed. The coupler 809introduces relative phase shifts to the interference signal, andinterferometer therefore monitors three heterodyne frequency signalcomponents at relative phase shifts. The optical circulator 103 passesthe two pulses into the sensing fibre.

In this embodiment, the reflected and backscattered light is notdetected by an interferometer according to the invention. Rather, thereflected and backscattered light is passed through an optical amplifier804 and an optical filter 806 and are then sent to a fast, low-noisephotodetector 807. The electrical signal is split and thendown-converted to baseband signals by mixing the RF signal 805 atdifferent phase angles, in a manner known in the art. The electricalsignals are digitised and the relative optical phase modulation at eachsection of the fibre is computed by combining the digitised signalsusing a fast processor 808.

FIG. 11 shows another embodiment of apparatus for point as well asdistributed sensors.

In this case the modulation frequency 704 of the optical modulator 703is switched from f1 to f2 within the optical pulse modulation envelope.

The optical filter 708 selects two modulation frequency sidebands1202/1203 and 1204/1205 generated by the optical modulator as indicatedin FIG. 12. The frequency shift between first order sidebands 1202 and1203 is proportional to the frequency modulation difference (f2−f1)whereas the frequency shift between 2^(nd) order sidebands 1204 and 1205is proportional to 2(f2−f1). Therefore, the photo-detector output 806generates two beat signals, one of which is centred at (f2−f1) and theother at 2(f2−f1). Using the demodulator 901, the relative optical phaseof the beat signals can be measured independently. The two independentmeasurements can be combined to improve the signal visibility, thesensitivity and the dynamic range along the sensing fibre.

FIG. 12A shows the modulation spectrum of the light and the selection ofthe sidebands referred to above.

FIG. 12B shows the original laser pulse 1206 with pulse width of T atfrequency f_(o) which is modulated at frequency f1, f2 and f3 during aperiod T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The delay between T1, T2 and T3 canalso be varied. One or more modulation sidebands is/are selected withthe optical filter 708 to generated a frequency shifted optical pulsesthat are sent into the fibre. The reflected and/or backscatter signals(709, 710, 711 and 712) from the fibre from is directed to aphotodetector receive via a circulator 707. The reflected and orbackscatter light from different pulses mix together at thephotodetector output to generate heterodyne signals such (f2−f1),(f3−f1), (f3−f2), 2(f2−f1), 2(f3−f1) and 2(f3−f2). Other heterodynesignals are also generated but (2f2−f1), (2f3−f1), (2f1−f2), (2f1−f3),(2f3−f1) and (2f3−f2) are also generated at much higher frequencies. Theheterodyne signal are converted down to base band in-phase andquadrature signals. The in-phase and quadrature signals are digitise bya fast analogue to digital convertors and the phase angle is computedusing fast digital signal processor.

FIG. 13 shows an embodiment with distributed sensors with the sensingfibre 702 subjected to different perturbation fields 1302, 1304 and1307. The sensing fibre can be used as linear sensors 1303 and 1304, asdirectional sensors 1305 and 1306 or as multidimensional array sensors1308, 1309 and 1310. Since all the measurements are synchronised, theycan be processed to enhance the signal sensitivity, achieve a widedynamic range and provide field imaging using beam forming techniques.

FIG. 14 shows an optical fibre arrangement 1400, where the fibre isplaced on a surface area in a continuous path without crossing overanother part of the fibre to increase the sensitivity, in a doublefigure-eight pattern.

FIG. 15 shows an optical fibre arrangement 1500, where the fibre isplaced on a surface area in a continuous path without crossing overanother part of the fibre to increase the sensitivity, in a foldedthree-Omegas (Ω Ω Ω) pattern.

These arrangements are particularly useful to increase the sensingsensitivity, frequency response and the spatial resolution of thesensing system, while simplifying installation techniques and minimisingbending losses.

FIG. 16 shows an optical fibre arrangement 1600, where the fibre isplaced in a logarithmic spiral pattern to form an acoustic camera ortelescope. Acoustic energy can be detected all along a section of fibre.In this case the signals detected along the field are synchronised andusing addition signal processing such as beam forming, the near-fieldand far-field acoustic emission can be mapped. Such an apparatus can beused to look far into the sky, through oceans, deep into the ground, orwithin vessels. This aspect also provides apparatus for monitoring theenvironmental noise such as aircraft noise during take-off and landingas well as noise from other flying objects or natural habitats.

FIG. 17 shows at 1700 an application to distributed flow sensing along apipe 1702 at different sections with fibre 1701 wrapped around the pipeat separated locations 1704 and attached or placed close to the pipe viaclamps 1706 to measure the flow noise and pressure variations. Thisarrangement may also be used to monitor the operation of injector orcontrol valves 1708, and sensors may be used for in-well perforatedzones monitoring and sand production monitoring. For example, forin-well applications, the acoustic noise profile can be used to measurethe flow by noise logging at every location along the well. In addition,the noise spectrum can be used to identify the phase of the fluid.Further noise spectrum correlation techniques can be used over a longsection of the well to determine the speed of sound as well as trackingeddies generated within the flow to accurately determine the flow rates,using analysis techniques for example as described in WO 2006/130499[14]. This document describes an array of optical fibre acousticinterferometric sensors used to track the speed of the vortices inducedpressure waves as a function of the flow. However, the interferometersrequire discrete components, such as Bragg grating pairs, and a limitednumber of sensors over a short section of a pipe can be practically beused. With the distributed acoustic sensor of the present invention wecan use a flexible method of attaching to or placing close to a pipe acontinuous length of optical in an optimised configuration along entirelength of pipe. For example the spatial resolution measurements may beincreased by wrapping the fibre around the pipe to track the vorticesinduced pressure waves or simply track the acoustic waves generated andpropagated along the pipe to determine the speed of sound both in thesame and opposite directions of the flow. The speed of sound is afunction of the fluid composition and by mapping the speed of sound onecan visualise how the flow profile changes along the pipe.

Also, since we do not require any discrete components, a higheroperating temperature can be achieved with proper coating protectionapplied on to the fibre. The fibre sensitivity can also be enhanced orreduced using different coatings or jackets. Also, the fibre can be madeinto a continuous cable with an enhanced sensing sensitivity whileproving a protection for the fibre in harsh environments.

FIG. 18 shows at 1800 an application to dynamic positioning of a riser1802 using acoustic fibre optic sensors 1804 and acoustic referencesources 1806 whereby the optical fibre sensor 1804 measures the time offlight of acoustic signals received at different locations along theriser and thereby determines the position of the riser.

Review of Features of the Invention in Various Aspects and Embodiments

In one aspect, the invention provides an optical interferometerapparatus which can provide multiple path differences between theoptical signals and provide interference signals between differentoptical paths with fixed and/or variable phase shifts. Theinterferometer utilises beam splitting components, circulating devicesand Faraday rotator mirrors in a novel configuration. The opticalsignals at the output of the interferometer are converted to electricalsignals which digitised for fast processing. The offset levels of theelectrical signals are removed and their amplitude are normalised. Therelative phase shifts of optical signals are accurately determined bycombining the normalised electrical signals.

In another aspect, the invention relates to an interferometer apparatusthat utilises beam splitters and non-reciprocal devices to provide lightinterference with given phase shifts and path length differences thatcan be measured at all ports of the beam splitters whereby the relativephase modulation of the light can be computed very accurately andquickly, such as at every few nanoseconds. The interferometer may useoptical fibre components such as an m×m fused optical fibre coupler thatis connected to an optical fibre circulator at one of its ports;Faraday-rotator mirrors that reflect and, at the same time, providepolarisation compensation for the light propagating through thedifferent paths of the interferometer and photodetectors that are usedto measure the interference light signals. The incoming optical lightmay be amplified using an optical fibre amplifier, and preferably theinterferometer has a pass band optical filter to filter out the out ofband Amplified Spontaneous Emission noise (ASE). The interferometer mayprovide birefringence compensation for light propagating along differentoptical paths through the interferometer. This provides sufficientlyhigh visibility at the outputs of the interferometer.

In another of its aspects, the invention provides a method forcompensating the offset and the gain of the photo-detectors, and thecoupling ratio of the interferometer arms, to normalise the resultantinterference signals used to measure the relative phase of the modulatedinput light in any of preceding claims where the detector offset ismeasured by switching off the optical amplifier in the backscatter path;the resultant photo-detector offset and gain then being determined byswitching on the amplifier while the input light is switched off; theASE of the optical amplifier then acts as an independent incoherentlight source and thereby the offsets and relative gains of thephoto-detectors can be determined and the detected light signalsnormalised. The method may therefore use incoherent light that entersthe input of the interferometer to normalise the relative signalamplitudes at the output of the photo-detectors. For example, when anoptical preamplifier is used at the input of the interferometer, thespontaneous light emission can be used to measure the combination of thesplitting ratio of the interferometer arms and the relative gains of thephoto-detectors and thereby normalise the relative signal amplitudesaccordingly.

Another additional feature of the present invention is to use phasemodulators and/or frequency shifters to shift the relative frequency andor vary the phase between the optical paths of the interferometer.Frequency shifters and/or phase modulators may be used to provideheterodyne signals and/or to separate the resultant interference lightsignal from different paths through the interferometer.

An additional feature of an embodiment of the invention is selecting thefrequency of the frequency shifter sufficiently high so that at leastone cycle of the beat frequency results within one light pulseresolution. Different frequency shifts may be used between differentoptical paths of the interferometer for the separation and/or heterodynedetection of the phase between different optical paths. The frequencyshifts between different optical paths may be alternated to correct forany frequency dependency of the interferometer output signals.

An additional feature of an embodiment of the invention is the selectionof different optical paths through the interferometer such as by usingoptical switches. The optical switches may be used to select differentoptical paths through the interferometer and thereby select a differentspatial resolution measurement. Another aspect of the invention relatesto a system comprising a number of interferometers cascaded in a seriesor in a star configuration or a combination of both.

The invention also provides a system that utilises a light pulse formultiplexed and/or distributed sensors by measuring the phase modulationof the reflected and/or the backscattered light along a length of fibrewith high sensitivity, high dynamic range and a high speed of over tensof kilohertz. In this way, the invention can provide a multiplexedand/or distributed acoustic sensing system.

An additional feature of an embodiment of the invention is digitisingthe outputs of the interferometer, or the photodetectors of theinterferometer, at least twice over a spatial resolution interval. Anadditional feature of an embodiment of the invention is combining theoutputs of the interferometer to determine the insensitive measurementsample points resulting from any signal fading of the light in order toreject and/or provide a weighted signal average of the multiple samplesof the light over a given spatial resolution measurement or interval.Embodiments of the invention use a digitiser with dynamically varyingclock cycles, (which may be referred to herein as “iclock”), to adjustthe timing of the digital sampling of the light for the maximum signalsensitivity positions. The dynamically varying clock may be used toadjust the timing of the digitised samples at the photo-detector outputsfor the position of maximum signal sensitivity and or shifted away wherelight signal fading occurs.

A further aspect of the invention provides frequency shifted light,using a fast optical modulator to generate sidebands, preferably with asuppressed carrier spectrum, and a band-pass optical filter to selectthe modulation sidebands whereby the modulation frequency is variedrapidly between two portions of light pulse propagating through theoptical modulator. The optical modulator may also chop off a portion oflight pulse in the middle so as to generate two pulses with differentfrequencies. In this case the reflected and/or the backscattered lightgenerated by the two pulses are combined to result in a heterodynesignal whose phase is determined to measure the relative optical phasemodulation along the sensing fibre.

Providing multiple heterodyne signals can improve the dynamic range andreduce the effect of signal fading. When the scattered and/or thereflected light from the two pulses are combined, the modulationsidebands generate different beat frequencies which are proportional tothe modulation frequency difference and to the order of the sidebands.The frequency of the light may be changed to optimise the signalsensitivity over a given section of the fibre. The frequency of thelight passing through the optical modulator may be changed rapidly sothat at least two portions of light pulse have different modulationsideband frequencies and, in addition, part of the light pulse may bechopped to generate two distinct portions of light pulses with differentmodulation sideband frequencies. The modulation sidebands between thetwo portions of the light pulse scattered or reflected from a sensingfibre may beat together to generate multiple heterodyne signals atmultiples of the frequency difference between the two pulses that areproportional to the order of the modulation sidebands.

Embodiments of the invention may use a laser light or a broadband lightsource. Coherent matching of the light with the same delay results in aninterference signal that can be used to measure the relative phasemodulation of the scattered or reflected light along the fibre. Theinvention may use wavelength division multiplexed components to utilisemultiple laser light pulses with different wavelengths and, preferably,varying time shift with respect to each to control the cross-phasemodulation between the light pulses and to allow the processing ofmultiple pulses in the sensing fibre without and cross-sensitivity toallow the system to achieve a higher measurand frequency response. Thismay be the acoustic frequency response of the system to provide adifferent spatial sampling resolutions and/or positions, and/or to allowthe efficient rejection of any points with low sensitivity.

An additional feature of an embodiment of the invention is the selectionof different spatial resolutions whereby the sensitivity and thefrequency response along the sensing fibre can be adjusted, and thedynamic range can be widened.

The sensing fibre may be standard single mode fibre, polarisationmaintaining fibre, a single polarisation fibre, and or a ribbon fibre,and it can be coated and or cabled to enhance or to suppress itssensitivity.

An additional feature of an embodiment of the invention is the selectionof different configurations of the fibre to optimise the sensitivity,the frequency and the directionality of the sensing fibre at differentlocations. The fibre may be deployed as linear sensors, directionsensors or multidimensional array sensors. The fibre may be placed on asurface area in a continuous path without crossing over another part ofthe fibre to increase the sensitivity, the frequency response and or thespatial resolution of the sensor system such as in a folded three-Omegas(Ω Ω Ω) and or double eights (88) configurations. This is particularlyuseful to increase the sensing sensitivity, frequency response and thespatial resolution of the sensing system, while simplifying installationtechniques and minimising bending losses.

The fibre may be attached on a surface of a vessel to listen to thenoise generated within the vessel to monitor the changes in the process,acoustically image the process, as well to detect any leaks.

A further aspect provides an apparatus using acoustic sensors fordistributed flow measurement and imaging, in-well perforated zonesmonitoring and sand production monitoring. For example, for in-wellapplications, the acoustic noise profile can be used to measure the flowby noise logging at every location along the well. In addition, thenoise spectrum can be used to identify the phase of the fluid. Furthernoise spectrum correlation techniques can be used over a long section ofthe well to determine the speed of sound as well as tracking eddiesgenerated within the flow to accurately determine the flow rates.

The sensor systems may be used as a distributed acoustic sensor,enabling the determination of distributed flow measurement and imaging,perforated zones monitoring and sand production monitoring in oil andgas wells and flowlines. The distributed temperature and strainmeasurements may be combined to enhance the data interpretation of thedistributed acoustic sensor.

A further application is listening along previously installed opticalfibres for surveillance applications. This includes measurements alongfibres installed along boreholes, pipelines, perimeters, ports andborders.

An additional aspect provides a dynamic positioning apparatus usingacoustic fibre optic sensors and acoustic reference sources whereby theoptical fibre sensor measures the time of flight of acoustic signalsreceived at different locations along the structure and therebydetermines its position.

A further aspect provides pipeline structure monitoring apparatus usingan acoustic fibre sensor and a pig that emits a sound (known as a“whistling pig”). The optical fibre sensor measures the acoustictransmission through the wall of the pipe for diagnostics as well as fortracking the position of the pig.

Another aspect provides pipeline monitoring apparatus where the sensingfibre is deployed inside the pipeline and carried along the pipeline bythe fluid drag to provide a measurement of the noise flow fordiagnostics of the pipeline as well as for flow characterisation and/orimaging.

Another aspect provides an apparatus using a fibre sensor used foracoustic sensing and an energy harvesting self-powered acoustic sourceto generate sufficient acoustic emission that can be picked up by anearby sensing fibre for data communication, measurement, diagnosticsand surveillance applications including along long pipelines, in-welland in other remote applications.

Another aspect of the invention provides an apparatus using acousticfibre sensors to measure seepage rates along dams and dykes bygenerating an acoustic noise source in the upstream reservoir or in thecore of the dam and measuring the acoustic signal strength detectedalong the fibre whereby areas of seepage act as low acoustic impedancepaths for acoustic wave transmission and thereby exhibiting loudersignal levels.

Other advantages and applications of the invention will be apparent tothose skilled in the art. Any of the additional or optional features canbe combined together and combined with any of the aspects, as would beapparent to those skilled in the art.

Concluding Remarks

As has been described above, apparatus and methods for fast quantitativemeasurement of perturbations of optical fields transmitted, reflectedand/or scattered along a length of an optical fibre. In particular, theinvention can be used for distributed sensing while extendingdramatically the speed and sensitivity to allow the detection ofacoustic perturbations anywhere along a length of an optical fibre whileachieving fine spatial resolution. The present invention offers uniqueadvantages in a broad range of acoustic sensing and imagingapplications. Typical uses are for monitoring oil and gas wells such asfor distributed flow metering and/or imaging, monitoring long cables andpipelines, imaging of large vessels as well as security applications.

There follows a set of numbered features describing particularembodiments of the invention. Where a feature refers to another numberedfeature then those features may be considered in combination.

1. An optical sensor system comprising: a light source generating apulsed optical signal; an optical sensing fibre configured to receivethe optical signal; an optical modulator for generating frequencysidebands in the optical signal; an optical filter configured tocontrollably select one or more of the modulation sidebands, and,thereby vary the frequency of the light input to the sensing fibre.

2. The system of feature 1, where the frequency of the light is changedto optimise the signal sensitivity over a given section of the fibre.

3. The system of feature 1 or feature 2, where the frequency of thelight passing through the optical modulator is changed rapidly so thatat least two portions of light pulse have different modulation sidebandfrequencies.

4. The system of any preceding feature wherein part of the light pulseis chopped to generate two distinct portions of light pulses withdifferent modulation sideband frequencies.

5. The system of feature 4 wherein the modulation sidebands between thetwo portions of the light pulse scattered or reflected from a sensingfibre beat together to generate multiple heterodyne signals at multiplesof the frequency difference between the two pulses that are proportionalto the order of the modulation sidebands.

6. The system any preceding feature wherein the light source is a laserlight or a broadband light source.

7. The system any preceding feature wherein using wavelength divisionmultiplexed components to utilise multiple laser light pulses withdifferent wavelengths and, preferably, varying time shift with respectto each to control the cross-phase modulation between the light pulsesand to allow the processing of multiple pulses in the sensing fibrewithout and cross-sensitivity to allow the system to achieve a highermeasurand frequency response, such as higher acoustic frequencyresponse, and to allow the efficient rejection of any points with lowsensitivity.

8. The system of any of the above features where the sensing fibre is asingle mode fibre, polarisation maintaining fibre, a single polarisationfibre, multimode fibre and or a ribbon fibre.

9. The sensor system of any preceding feature used as a distributedacoustic sensor.

10. The sensor system of feature 9 where the distributed sensor can beconnected to standard optical fibre for pipelines, perimeters, ports orborder security.

References:

[1] U.S. Pat. No. 6,555,807, Clayton et al.

[2] WO 98/27406, Farhadiroushan et al.

[3] U.S. Pat. No. 7,355,163, Watley et al.

[4] U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,847, Taylor et al.

[5] Shatalin, Sergey et al., “Interferometric optical time-domainreflectometry for distributed optical-fiber sensing”, Applied Optics,Vol. 37, No. 24, pp. 5600-5604, 20 Aug. 1998.

[6] WO 2008/056143, Shatalin et al.

[7] WO 2004/102840, Russel et al.

[8] GB 2445364, Strong et al.

[9] US 2009/01 14386, Hartog et al.

[10] WO 2009/056855, Hartog et al.

[11] WO 2007/049004, Hill et al.

[12] Zhiqiang Zhao et al., “Improved Demodulation Scheme for Fiber OpticInterferometers Using an Asymmetric 3×3 Coupler”, J. LightwaveTechnology, Vol.13, No.11, November 1997, pp. 2059-2068

[13] U.S. Pat. No. 5,946,429, Huang et al

[14] WO 2006/130499, Gysling et al.

1-10. (canceled)
 11. An apparatus for monitoring seepage along a dam ora dyke, the apparatus comprising: an optical fiber sensing system; andan acoustic source located in use within a body of fluid contained bythe dam or dyke, or within the dam or dyke itself; wherein the opticalfiber sensing system is arranged in use to measure a strength of anacoustic signal generated by the acoustic source, and to determine areasof seepage in the dam or dyke based thereon; wherein the optical fibersensing system is arranged in use to detect a louder acoustic signal inareas of seepage, wherein areas of seepage provide low acousticimpedance paths for acoustic wave transmission.
 12. An apparatusaccording to claim 11, wherein the optical fiber sensing system is adistributed acoustic sensor system, the system including an opticalsensing fiber deployed in use to monitor the dam or dyke, and aninterferometer arranged to receive backscattered light from along theoptical sensing fiber, the interferometer comprising at least twooptical paths with a path length difference therebetween, thebackscattered light interfering in the interferometer to produceinterference components, the DAS system further comprising pluralphotodetectors to measure the interference components, and a processorarranged to determine optical phase angle data therefrom.
 13. Anapparatus of claim 12, wherein the interferometer further comprises anoptical coupler arranged to introduce a relative phase shift between theinterference components.
 14. An apparatus of claim 12, wherein theinterferometer further comprises an optical amplifier arranged toamplify the received backscattered light to produce an amplified lightsignal.
 15. An apparatus of claim 14, wherein the interferometer furthercomprises an optical filter to filter out the out of band AmplifiedSpontaneous Emission (ASE) noise generated by the optical amplifier fromthe amplified light signal.
 16. An apparatus according to claim 11,wherein the optical fiber sensing system is a distributed acousticsensor system, the system including an optical sensing fiber deployed inuse to monitor the dam or dyke, and an interferometer arranged toreceive reflected light from along the optical sensing fiber, theinterferometer comprising at least two optical paths with a path lengthdifference therebetween, the reflected light interfering in theinterferometer to produce interference components, the DAS systemfurther comprising plural photodetectors to measure the interferencecomponents, and a processor arranged to determine optical phase angledata therefrom.
 17. An apparatus of claim 16, wherein the interferometerfurther comprises an optical coupler arranged to introduce a relativephase shift between the interference components.
 18. An apparatus ofclaim 16, wherein the interferometer further comprises an opticalamplifier arranged to amplify the received reflected light to produce anamplified light signal.
 19. An apparatus of claim 18, wherein theinterferometer further comprises an optical filter to filter out the outof band Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise generated by theoptical amplifier from the amplified light signal.
 20. An apparatus ofclaim 16, wherein the interferometer is further arranged to receivebackscattered light from along the optical sensing fiber.
 21. Anapparatus according to claim 11, wherein the optical fiber sensingsystem comprises an optical source configured to output a pulsed opticalsignal.
 22. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the opticalfiber sensing system comprises an optical sensing fiber deployed in usealong the dam or dyke, the optical sensing fiber being arranged in useto receive a pulsed optical signal, the pulsed optical signal beingconstrained by the optical sensing fiber such that it propagatestherealong in a first direction, the pulsed optical signal beingbackscattered and/or reflected along the length of the optical sensingfiber, the backscattered and/or reflected light being constrained by theoptical sensing fiber such that it propagates therealong in a seconddirection opposite the first direction, wherein acoustic perturbationsgenerated by the acoustic signal of the acoustic source incident alongthe length of the optical sensing fiber cause the optical sensing fiberto expand and contract such that the backscattered and/or reflectedlight is modulated.
 23. An apparatus according to claim 22, wherein theoptical fiber sensing system comprises a means for receiving thebackscattered and/or reflected light from along the length of theoptical sensing fiber.
 24. An apparatus according to claim 23, whereinthe means for receiving comprising optical componentry.
 25. An apparatusaccording to claim 23, wherein the optical fiber sensing systemcomprises a means for processing the received backscattered and/orreflected light to measure the phase, frequency and amplitude data ofthe received backscattered and/or reflected light to providequantitative measurements of the acoustic perturbations incident alongthe length of the fiber to thereby measure a strength of the acousticsignal generated by the acoustic source, wherein the processingcomprises measuring the backscattered and/or reflected light receivedfrom each contiguous section of optical sensing fiber along its lengthbased on the time taken for the pulsed optical signal to propagate alongthe length of the optical fiber in the first direction, and the timetaken for the backscattered and/or reflected light to propagate back inthe second direction, to thereby map the received backscattered and/orreflected light to a respective section of optical fiber.
 26. Anapparatus according to claim 25, wherein the means for processingcomprises a plurality of photodetectors and a processor.
 27. A method ofmonitoring seepage along a dam or dyke using an optical fiber sensingsystem, the method comprising: measuring an acoustic signal generated byan acoustic source located within the body of fluid contained by the damor dyke, or within the dam or dyke itself, wherein the optical fibersensing system measures a strength of the acoustic signal; anddetermining areas of seepage in the dam or dyke based on the measuredacoustic signal, wherein the optical fiber sensing system detects alouder acoustic signal in areas of seepage, wherein areas of seepageprovide low acoustic impedance paths for acoustic wave transmission. 28.A method according to claim 27, wherein the optical fiber sensing systemcomprises an optical sensing fiber deployed along the dam or dyke, andwherein the method further comprises: transmitting a pulsed opticalsignal into the optical sensing fiber, the pulsed optical signal beingconstrained by the optical sensing fiber such that it propagatestherealong in a first direction, the pulsed optical signal beingbackscattered and/or reflected along the length of the optical sensingfiber, the backscattered and/or reflected light being constrained by theoptical sensing fiber such that it propagates therealong in a seconddirection opposite the first direction, wherein acoustic perturbationsgenerated by the acoustic signal of the acoustic source incident alongthe length of the optical sensing fiber cause the optical sensing fiberto expand and contract such that the backscattered and/or reflectedlight is modulated; receiving the backscattered and/or reflected lightfrom along the length of the optical sensing fiber; and processing thereceived backscattered and/or reflected light to measure the phase,frequency and amplitude data of the received backscattered and/orreflected light to provide quantitative measurements of the acousticperturbations along the length of the optical sensing fiber to therebymeasure the strength of the acoustic signal generated by the acousticsource.
 29. A method according to claim 28, wherein the processingcomprises measuring the backscattered and/or reflected light receivedfrom each contiguous section of optical sensing fiber along its lengthbased on the time taken for the pulsed optical signal to propagate alongthe length of the optical fiber in the first direction, and the timetaken for the backscattered and/or reflected light to propagate back inthe second direction, to thereby map the received backscattered and/orreflected light to a respective section of optical fiber.
 30. A dam ordyke comprising: an optical fiber sensing system; and an acoustic sourcelocated within a body of fluid contained by the dam or dyke, or withinthe dam or dyke itself; wherein the optical fiber sensing system isarranged to measure a strength of an acoustic signal generated by theacoustic source, and to determine areas of seepage in the dam or dykebased thereon; wherein the optical fiber sensing system is arranged todetect a louder acoustic signal in areas of seepage, wherein areas ofseepage provide low acoustic impedance paths for acoustic wavetransmission.